Precipitation then occurs on the windward side of the highlands because of adiabatic cooling and condensation of the moist rising air. var googletag = googletag || {}; The word monsoon (derived from the Arabic "mausim", meaning "seasonal reversal of winds"), although generally defined as a system of winds characterized by a seasonal reversal of direction,[6] lacks a consistent, detailed definition. The dynamic theory explains the monsoon on the basis of the annual shifts in the position of global belts of pressure and winds. According to this theory, during the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere, the ITCZ shifts north, pulling the southwest monsoon winds onto the land from the sea. googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_ptl", "entry-lcp"); bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162050', zoneId: '776358', position: 'atf' }}, { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '346698' }}, A positive IOD index often negates the effect of ENSO, resulting in increased monsoon rains in years such as 1983, 1994, and 1997. addPrebidAdUnits(pbAdUnits); { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_rightslot' }}, The unique geographical features of the Indian subcontinent, along with associated atmospheric, oceanic, and geophysical factors, influence the behavior of the monsoon. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '346698' }}, But with continuous dropping pressure, sufficient force is created for the movement of the westerly jet across the Himalayas after a significant period. See photos taken only three months apart in the Western Ghats. Because the southwest monsoon flows from sea to land, it carries more moisture, and therefore causes more rain, than the northeast monsoon. The word monsoon (derived from the Arabic "mausim", meaning "seasonal reversal of winds"), although generally defined as a system of winds characterized by a seasonal reversal of direction, lacks a consistent, detailed definition. This shift is due to the intense heating of the plateau during the summer months. However, the agriculture sector still contributes 17-20% of GDP[49] and is the largest employer in the country, with about 60% of Indians dependent on it for employment and livelihood. The seasonal monsoons are the dominant climatic influence in the study area. [51], D. Subbarao, former governor of the Reserve Bank of India, emphasized during a quarterly review of India's monetary policy that the lives of Indians depend on the performance of the monsoon. According to this theory, the monsoon is a result of the shift of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) under the influence of the vertical sun. A good monsoon results in better agricultural yields, which brings down prices of essential food commodities and reduces imports, thus reducing food inflation overall. The jet streams are systems of upper-air westerlies. dfpSlots['houseslot_b'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/houseslot', [], 'ad_houseslot_b').defineSizeMapping(mapping_houseslot_b).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'btm').setTargeting('hp', 'center').setCategoryExclusion('house').addService(googletag.pubads()); Using the quarterly observations, cross-sectional demands are estimated separately for the. Millions of Hindus around the world celebrate Diwali with gift exchanges, fireworks and festive meals. const customGranularity = { [55] Similarly, when the ITCZ is at the Tropic of Cancer, the northeast trade winds are confined to the area north of the Tropic of Cancer. iasLog("criterion : sfr = cdo_dict_english"); bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162050', zoneId: '776336', position: 'btf' }}, [34] This is primarily due to a weakening monsoon circulation as a result of the rapid warming in the Indian Ocean,[35][36] and changes in land use and land cover,[37] while the role of aerosols remain elusive. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195465', size: [300, 250] }}, These are the most monitored components of the monsoon, and they determine the water availability in India for any given year. As such, it affects the environment (and associated flora, fauna, and ecosystems), agriculture, society, hydro-power production, and geography of the subcontinent (like the availability of fresh water in water bodies and the underground water table), with all of these factors cumulatively contributing to the health of the economy of affected countries. }, [13], The onset of the monsoon occurs over the Bay of Bengal in May,[13] arriving at the Indian Peninsula by June,[12] and then the winds move towards the South China Sea.[13]. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '194852', size: [300, 250] }}, The reduction in the summer monsoon rainfall have grave consequences over central India because at least 60% of the agriculture in this region is still largely rain-fed. }, { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '446381' }}, googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(false); bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '1666926', position: 'btf' }}, [Note 7]. They follow the principle of geostrophic winds. However, many meteorologists argue that the monsoon is not a local phenomenon as explained by the traditional theory, but a general weather phenomenon along the entire tropical zone of Earth. { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971081', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, "authorization": "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/auth/info?rid=READER_ID&url=CANONICAL_URL&ref=DOCUMENT_REFERRER&type=ENTRY_TRANSLATE&v1=english&v2=monsoon&v3=&v4=english&_=RANDOM", 'increment': 0.01, Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology. season definition: 1. one of the four periods of the year; spring, summer, autumn, or winter 2. the period of the year…. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '705055' }}, } iasLog("criterion : cdo_l = en"); if(refreshConfig.enabled == true) expires: 60 googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '346693' }}, expires: 365 On reaching land, these winds rise because of the geographical relief, cooling adiabatically and leading to orographic rains. 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