credit by exam that is accepted by over 1,500 colleges and universities. Each inca soldier carried a different kind of weapon according to his origin in the ayllu, the quality of the decoration as well as the metal that made it up, depended on his military rank (See table above). It was so effective, in fact, that it continues to be used in the highlands of Peru today. [17] Before the hand-to-hand combat would start, in order to break the enemy's lines the soldiers used ranged weapons (slings, arrows and short spears). Tematlatl. Some main characteristics generally featured in the kallankas are: several doors, niches, windows, gables and gable roofs, elongated rectangular ground plan, interior usually without divisions (continuous space), presence of internal posts or columns to support the roof (in the case of large structures), several doors placed at intervals in one of the long walls that lead to a square. They are cool names for military equipment. These fortresses also controlled the main communication routes and were constructed in easily defensible locations such as in mountains, on the tops of hills or at the side of a river or road. The size of the pukaras and their garrisons depended on their strategic importance. Each battalion was made up of a single ethnic group, the whole group being directed by a kuraka (warlord) of the same ethnicity. There were lances with points of bronze, copper or sharpened wood. AYAR-ACAR: A toff: AYAR-CACHI: A pest: AYAR-COLO: A stone: AYAR-MANCO: The most successful of the AYAR brothers: AXOMAMMA: Goddess of Potatoes They built their society from the mountains of modern-day Peru, and at first the Inca relied on diplomacy, good relations and negotiations, to expand their power. 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These benefits could include gifts, investment in public works, recognition at their investiture, interchange of women to establish family ties, etc. Get access risk-free for 30 days, NARRATOR: The Inca had few weapons capable of delivering the clean piercing wounds Melissa sees in Mochito's remains. There were frequent battles during this period against small tribes such as the Alcahuasis or the Canas. For example, the Inca never fought on a night with a new moon. The front lines were initially occupied by slingers and archers, who would go to the rearguard of the formation after the initial barrages. 's' : ''}}. [38] Pedro Cieza de León reveals that the military leadership had ten, fifty, one hundred, five hundred, one thousand, five thousand and ten thousand under their command. Here is a list of all the weapons used in the army: After spending time with the spanish people, Manco Inca, learned to use spanish weapons, learned their tactics and the weaknesses of each weapon. Soldiers displaying bravery beyond expectations were rewarded with medals, metal weapons, uniforms and other objects. With the exception of the great strongholds in the Cuzco area, the structure and layout of the Inca fortresses are surprisingly uniform, indicating that they were planned and constructed by a central authority. Occupied cities and their inhabitants were usually well treated if they surrendered without resistance. This wide variety of men would prove both an advantage (numerical superiority and specialized soldiers for different terrain) and a disadvantage (lack of cohesion between army battalions). To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page. Learn about how these warriors helped build the Inca Empire with their military skills and strategies. See more ideas about incan, inca, ancient. However, you can't always have good relations with everyone. The conquered ethnic groups rapidly became a part of the Inca nation and contributed men to its armies. Aztec warriors had a large variety of offensive and defensive weapons. The army would only rest in fortresses with the objective of rearming in case to make a counterattack. It was one of the most important Inca farming tools. Mississippian culture, the last major prehistoric cultural development in North America, lasting from about 700 CE to the arrival of the first Europeans. Flashcards - Real Estate Marketing Basics, Flashcards - Promotional Marketing in Real Estate, What is Summative Assessment? Military quarters or barracks for the Inca soldiers (Hyslop, 1990: 18; Meinken, 2005a: 62; Morris, 1966: 103; Muñoz, 2007: 263-264). If negotiations failed, the Inca forces would attempt to storm the fortress and/or starve the opposing force. Inca armies would not fight at night for religious reasons. credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level. This object was often in a star shape, to maximise the potential to break bone. The Inca army faced its greatest threat when the Spanish conquistadors, or conquerors, arrived in South America. It’s often called the Tezcatlipoca after the god with the same name, and is a wooden sword lined with obsidian blades, used to cut, slice and generally damage the opponent. This helped the empire grow larger and larger. The Macuahuiti was one of the close quarter melee weapons of the Aztec warriors and was a mix of club and a... Tecpatl. Once a battle was over, enemy leaders would only be executed if they refused to accept the sovereignty of the Incas. Andean communities have a powerful musical tradition inherited from the Inca Empire.The Inca society was based on collective effort and their success outweighed the individual’s. It is known that they managed to make the route from Cusco to Quito in about a week. From left to right: Comanche war club, quiver of arrows, flat bow, rawhide shield, and war hawk. The Inca trail (Qhapaq Ñan) had 20 or 30 km distant tambos (a journey on foot) from each other. However, this can be interpreted as a decimal scale organization, as mentioned before, with two sub-leaders below that would compete for the higher position. Promotion was given to the general who gave the greatest display of bravery on the battlefield, which led to competition between the two battalions. Soon, however, the soldiers forgot their fears and some Inca battalions even fought with swords and Spanish weapons and as cavalry units. The Inka Road System. A group of priests would also be attached to the army units, in order to pray, make sacrifices, and try to weaken the opposing force by casting spells before and during battle. They were the most common weapon in the Inca arsenal, and it is possible that gold or silver was used for the star for high-ranking officers. Remember that, whatever type of battle the Aztecs engaged in, their main objective was to capture enemy warriors (later to be victims of human sacrifice) rather than to kill them. The most notable example is Machu Picchu, which was constructed by Inca engineers. Weapons included spears, clubs, and axes. [36] This function, however, should not be confused with the collcas, which were only warehouses from which the armies were resupplied when they passed.[37]. The Inca army's military effectiveness was based on two main elements: logistics and discipline. What types of weapons did the Mayans use? [46], Slingshots some of the most treasured Inca weapons, Peaceful conquest was possible when a curaca agreed to recognize the Sapa Inca as his emperor in return for a number of benefits. Aztec warriors occasionally had a macuahuitl , a wooden sword with jagged obsidian shards set in the sides: it was a lethal weapon, but still no match for steel. This military caste enjoyed several privileges, with the state paying for their food, clothing and housing costs, as well as supplying gifts such as coca, jewellery, and wives. As a result, Incan troops were mostly armed with bludgeoning weapons. Whether submission was due to fear of the Inca army or genuine friendship, the curaca became a beneficiary of the offered gifts, but he also became subject to Inca demands: his lands had to be handed over to the state, he had to supply labour and soldiers, etc. {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | The emperor put storehouses full of food throughout the Andes Mountains to keep the soldiers from going hungry. Campaign of Huayna Capac against the rebels in the north of the empire between. From the time of the rule of Emperor Tupac Yupanqui, a specialized elite group of soldiers was appointed for the safekeeping of the Sapa Inca ("the one and only Inca") during parades, travel or campaigns. [32], The functions of the tambos also depended on their size and the equipment they contained. The professional officers, however, were permanent soldiers, paid by the state. 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[47] 279. Nickname a enemy gives a weapon is very interesting and helps define the weapon in a unique way. Enjoy with them!! It consisted of a wooden shaft with a heavy metal or stone object at the end. The Aymara or the powerful Chancas were greater threats and the Inca army had to confront them on a number of occasions.[48]. The Inca rulers started a series of conquests in the middle of the 15th ce… Perforated entrances into the two meter deep terrace walls allow access to each level of the Pukara. «A History of Information Highways and Byways». The tambos, meanwhile, allowed a commander to keep his troops fed and in good fighting form during even the longest marches, with his men eventually taking to the field in relatively fresh condition and ready for battle. Each inca soldier carried a different kind of weapon according to his origin in the ayllu, the quality of the decoration as well as the metal that made it up, depended on his military rank (See table above). Next, they attacked in a charge, hoping to force their enemy to give up. [26], The Pukaras were the main military fortifications of the Incas, usually built in the limits of the empire and in conflict zones. One of the things that granted to the incas the capacity to create the biggest empire in the pre-columbian america, was their ability to use the metallurgy in war and also the hability to adapt to every new kind of weapon, from the bow and arrow of the Antisuyu to the sword and arquebus of the Spaniards. David has taught college history and holds an MA in history. The Tecpatl was an Aztec knife or dagger that was constructed from an obsidian blade affixed to a wooden handle. Before going to war, the Inca would perform sacrifices to honor the god. The upper part of the retaining wall of the terraces had a stone parapet that protected the defenders from enemy projectiles (called "Pirqas",[29] walls of rustic construction made of raw stone, with a maximum height of approximately 1.5 - 1.7 meters (5 - 5.6 feet) and a width of about one meter). [15] Troops would maintain silence, only breaking it just before battle by yelling and singing in order to intimidate the opposing force. Officers were chosen during the "Huarachicuy" festival during which candidates had to undergo various tests of physical skill such as racing, marksmanship, simulated combat and battle drill. Quiz & Worksheet - Who is Judge Danforth in The Crucible? Orlando, Florida: Academic Press, Inc. p. 275. The Aztec Macuahuitl is one of the most iconic Aztec weapons. The Inca army, by contrast, was so well disciplined that it very rarely broke formation and was able to effectively repel ambushes in the jungle, desert, mountain and swamp terrains. This period started with the defeat of the Chancas, with Pachacuti at the head of the Inca army. The squads were organized according to the ethnicity of the soldiers (auca runas). The civilisation took birth in its Pre-Classic Period and flourished during the Classic Period between 250AD and 900AD, during which the Mayans founded many large urban centres and made impressive advancements in the domains of art and architecture. Most important provincial centers could contain hundreds of colcas. The Inca pukaras were at strategic heights overlooking the main crossroads, important settlements, and tambos. Its main function was to house the chasquis (emissaries) and the Inca officials who traveled through these roads. The conquered tribe would be subject to reprisals according to the length of the war. In his book, Rodríguez Flores states that “In oral tradition, the origins of Rumi Maki … The true Inca were considered the very best warriors, formed the bodyguard of the emperor, and got to wear special clothing to stand out. Soldiers weren't allowed to leave the formation, even during the course of a march. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. This is probably explained by their poor adaptation to the harsh climate conditions of the highlands, where most wars took place.[10]. There was a reward system for distinguished services. 1992. The Sapa Inca (Inca r… Suarez, Ananda Cohen, and Jeremy James George. Mayan civilisation was the most important and longest lasting civilisation of the Mesoamerican region. Because the Inca battles took place on the sides of mountains, their warriors needed to be well-supplied. [31], These Tambos, were places of supply which served the chasquis as a shelter on their travels. Sacsayhuaman, overlooking the capital, Cuzco, was of colossal proportions, and was probably the largest pukara in the empire.[28]. People from nearby communities were recruited to serve in the tambos as part of the work system called mit'a. and career path that can help you find the school that's right for you. [38], This phase lasted from the beginning of the Inca period until the end of the rule of Pachacuti (or Pachacútec). Built individually or in groups of different sizes, depending on the importance of the place to be protected. The Inka Road System. imaginable degree, area of Other effective weapons included bows and arrows, lances, darts, a short variation of a sword, battle-axes, spears, and arrows tipped with copper or bone. Create your account, Already registered? Maybe you've hiked all the way up to the top of one, or maybe you've just driven through the huge hills. first two years of college and save thousands off your degree. When the Inca found neighbors that they could not be friends with, they used their warriors to take over an enemy. Architecture was the most important of the Incan arts, with textiles reflecting architectural motifs. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. [6] This concept of "duality" is widespread in the Andean world and represents the two Inca dynasties: Hanan and Hurin.[7]. [20], The qullqas could be round or rectangular, the local population near the colcas centers had the obligation to supply these storehouses with food (like chuño) and other basic products, like weapons, that could be distributed to their armies, officers, conscripted workers and, in times of need, to the population (for example, droughts). The incan army sometimes used to feign a retreat to be attacked while launching its own pincer attack. After the annexation and division of a conquered territory, settlers from other parts of the Tawantinsuyu were sent to reinforce the loyalty to the empire (Mitma) also to teach them new techniques of agriculture, metallurgy, etc. 110, Soldiers Indians and Silver: The Northward Advance of New Spain, 1550–1600, p. 49, "Peruchay: Servicio militar obligatorio en el ejercito Inca", https://americanindian.si.edu/inkaroad/engineering/activity/explore-colca.html, https://journals.openedition.org/bifea/2129, https://larepublica.pe/tendencias/265220-sacsayhuaman-supera-en-importancia-a-machu-picchu-segun-expertos/#:~:text=%22Sacsay%2Dhuam%C3%A1n%20fue%20el%20punto,los%20antiguos%20peruanos%20celebraban%20para, https://quevuelenaltolosdados.com/2018/08/09/pukaras-las-fortalezas-incas/, https://historiaperuana.pe/periodo-autoctono/sistema-vial-tahuantinsuyo, https://historiaperuana.pe/periodo-autoctono/organizacion-militar-en-el-imperio-inca, https://diariocorreo.pe/peru/flores-y-quispe-son-las-familias-mas-grandes-626645/#:~:text=Es%20un%20apellido%20que%20tiene,apellido%20Quispe%20en%20el%20Per%C3%BA, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inca_army&oldid=1001834566, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 21 January 2021, at 16:01. The defeated leader would be executed and, depending on the degree of their rebellion, the subjects would either be moved to a distant place or, in extreme cases, totally annihilated as a punishment to avoid future uprisings. Inca names for baby boys, with 5 entries. Select a subject to preview related courses: During a battle, the Inca came onto the field in total silence. For the Incas, politically at least, the four suyus of the empire extended from Cusco until the edge of the civilized and habitable physical realm. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} The Inca paid close attention to religious matters during battles. In order to prevent rebellions and to promote successful performance in battle, two battalions were formed per ethnic group, each one under the command of a general (and both under the command of the kuraka). During this period the majority of the wars involved the conquest of new territories and it was at this time that the army was at its most powerful. During a battle on the open ground, the army would usually get divided into three groups. by Terence N. D'Altroy. They used a relay system to get the information to its destination. Pronunciation : case sensitive: see the pronunciation key for a guide on how to write the sounds; sounds can only be searched in names that have been assigned pronunciations * is a wildcard that will match zero or more letters in the pronunciation example: *lee matches names which end with the sound lee _ is a wildcard that will match exactly one letter in the pronunciation Sciences, Culinary Arts and Personal As Aztec warriors showed their courage and craftiness in battle and skill at capturing enemy soldiers for sacrifice, they gained in military rank. Smelly was the SMLE's nickname. Orlando, Florida: Academic Press, Inc. p. 275. You can test out of the The Aztec civilization had many different types of materials that helped them create tools. Discipline was very rigid. For those who wish to only use real names, the first 4 names in this generator are real names. The main difference between the Inca army and other pre-columbian civilizations military forces was their organization, meanwhile most of them usually attacked in hordes or disorganized groups of specialized warriors, the imperial army had at their disposal a large number of soldiers (200,000 in a single field army). [38], Violent conquest would occur if a tribe was unwilling to accept the Sapa Inca as their emperor. The tambo (from quechua "Tampu") was a building located next to a road used by travelling state personnel as a shelter and storage center for administrative and military purposes. The 'Battle' of Cajamarca also spelled Cajamalca (though many contemporary scholars prefer to call it Massacre of Cajamarca) was the ambush and seizure of the Inca ruler Atahualpa by a small Spanish force led by Francisco Pizarro, on November 16, 1532.The Spanish killed thousands of Atahualpa's counselors, commanders, and unarmed attendants in the great plaza of Cajamarca, and caused his … While typical adversaries were warriors from a single chiefdom (or at most, an alliance of several chiefdoms), the imperial troops were formed of men from all over the empire. The last 6 names are combinations of name parts, many of which could very well have been real names. The Colca (from quechua "Qullqa": "depot, storehouse".) The Aztec Weapons Macuahuiti. As the Inca Empire grew, an army created by a loose confederation of peasant warriors was replaced by one of professional officers. Runas (common men) from the coastal region —in contrast to men from the highlands— were not compelled to serve in the army. This generally resulted in a bloody war. [3] The soldiers were provided with food, clothing and state aid in replacement for their family in regard to the agrarian activity that the recruited should be fulfilling, in such a way that being a permanent soldier wasn't a bad position and even occupied his own space in the political-social pyramid.[4]. It is one of five civilizations in the world considered by scholars to be pristine, that is indigenous and not derivative from other civilizations. Army squads were organized in a series of lines. These weapons could batter and bruise Spanish conquistadors, but only rarely did any serious damage through the heavy armor. [34] For example, the smaller tambos served as stations for the chasquis,[35] called "Chasquiwasi" (literally "House of the chasqui") of only one room and a small place to store supplies. Pg. Commoners were considered to have fulfilled their military service obligations after six or seven years. Bladed battle-axes were used, but they were not sharp enough to sever a limb. Initially, the Inca soldiers feared the horses and firearms of the Spanish, with this intimidation reducing their fighting efficiency. The chaquitaclla was particularly effective in the narrow Inca terraces. Academic Press, 1984. Inca battalions contained permanent staff (generals and officers) and non-permanent personnel composed of drafted hatun runas (common men), who would be serving their military mit'a public service, comparable to mandatory military service or the draft. The soldiers were armed and dressed according to their tribe with animal skins, fabric shields, feathers, jewels or body paints. Did you know… We have over 220 college Hyslop, John (1984). This would make total sense if we take into account that it would symbolize the andean duality (Hanan and Hurin) present in all the Inca organization. Raucana (or Rawkana) A hoe with a thin sheet of wood of chachacomo, no higher than 40 cm. It was a conquest through reciprocity. Now imagine having to fight a battle on top of a mountain! Rumors of other great civilizations may have existed, but the frontiers were largely fluid with no known major rivals hemming in the expansive and ever expanding empire. | A Guide to Summative Assessment, Abnormal Psychology: Homework Help Resource, CAHSEE English Exam: Test Prep & Study Guide, Additional CLEP Information Systems Flashcards, Geologic Time & Radiometric Dating: Help and Review, Quiz & Worksheet - Psychoanalyst Anna Freud, Quiz & Worksheet - Bacterial Transduction, Quiz & Worksheet - The Last 100 Days of the Civil War, Quiz & Worksheet - Melancholy Temperaments, Cognitive Linguistics: Definition & Skills, How to Be Successful in College: Avoid Debt & Remedial Courses, How to Determine Federal Work Study Eligibility, Study.com OAE Scholarship: Application Form & Information, Tech and Engineering - Questions & Answers, Health and Medicine - Questions & Answers, Working Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. The Inca warriors were famous on the battlefield, while their generals were skilled at maneuvering and attacking the enemy's flanks. Larger tambos could also provide other functions, like warehouses that could provide supplies and some accommodations for the moving armies. The Aztec emperors honored the higher ranks with weapons and distinctive garb that reflected their status in the military. Inca government officials would perform a careful study of the conquered zone to ensure the achievement of these objectives.[14]. [33] Each tambo had the capacity to house several state officials. The earliest date that can be confidently assigned to Inca dynastic history is 1438, when Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, a son of Viracocha Inca, usurped the throne from his brother Inca Urcon.Under Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (1438–71) the Inca conquered territory south to the Titicaca Basin and north to present-day Quito, making subject peoples of the powerful Chanca, the Quechua, and the Chimú. [52], Sosa Freire, 1996: 27. At first, the Inca only went to war for money and wealth, but eventually they began to take over cities and villages as well. The sling was the deadliest projectile weapon. During this phase, the army was relatively small and weak. The Inca army conquered neighbors all across the Andes Mountains in South America. Have you ever been to the mountains? The Wired Professor (2008). Conflict Between Antigone & Creon in Sophocles' Antigone, Quiz & Worksheet - Metaphors in The Outsiders, Quiz & Worksheet - Desiree's Baby Time & Place, Quiz & Worksheet - The Handkerchief in Othello. [22], Due to its importance as political or military administrative centers, several functions have been attributed to it such as: Headquarters or barracks for the soldiers of the empire,[23] places of public meeting or assembly,[24] palaces or lodgings for important individuals,[25] or finally as a multi-role building (it had to be adapted to different purposes and situations). Army units would march in the company of a large number of women, mostly relatives of the soldiers. The structures, mentioned as "barns" in the chronicles due to its size. For smaller rebellions, barbarian invasions, or small campaigns, a general or a prince would be sent as his representative. As the Inca empire grew, the army of peasant warriors was replaced by an army with professional officers. It would be very difficult, but the Incan Empire expanded all across the mountains of South America with an army that fought in the high peaks of the Andes Mountains. Pg. Inca names are not ranked within the top 1000 names. There is no information on whether they housed ordinary men (hatun runas). In the event that a kuraka fell in battle, a replacement was appointed from within the same ethnic group. courses that prepare you to earn What is the Main Frame Story of The Canterbury Tales? Weapons included spears, clubs, and axes. In the early stages of the Incan Empire, the army was mainly formed of ethnic Inca troops. If a city or tribe surrendered and then rebelled, the Inca could even authorize the complete annihilation of the city or ethnic group). Inka engineers understood the environment and built colcas to take advantage of natural airflow to keep stored items fresh. [50], At the end of this period, the Inca army lost battles not just to the Spanish but also to subject tribes that took advantage of the arrival of the Spanish. Once the mit'a was fulfilled, each hatun runa would return to their respective ayllu (community). The Inca generals often attacked on the flanks, or sides, to hit a weak point. They were a pastoral tribe who inhabited the region of Cuzco of modern day Peru around 12th century. There were three main types of weapons that the Inca warriors were trained to use in battle: slingshots, boleadoras, and axes/truncheons. After the retreat to Vilcabamba, they began to use guerrilla tactics against the Viceroyalty of Peru. The Inca Empire grew large due to both diplomacy and military strength. Then, they yelled at the enemy to frighten them, and threw spears or rocks and fired arrows. These officers were chosen during the Warachikuy festival, during which candidates had to undergo various tests of physical skill: such as racing, marksmanship, simulated combat and to see if they could stay awake for a long period, with it being reported that some officers could remain awake for a whole week.[5]. 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