Once, traveling with Lord Moyne and his guests, the party was listening to a BBC broadcast in which the speaker, a vehemently pro-appeasement politician, criticised Winston by name. https://en.24smi.org/celebrity/41264-winston-churchill.html Randolph suffered from a heart disorder and passed on peacefully in 1968 as did Sarah Spencer-Churchill, who died at the age of 67 on September 24, 1982. [5] On their first brief encounter, Winston had recognised Clementine's beauty and distinction; now, after an evening spent in her company, he realised she was a girl of lively intelligence and great character. Lady Spencer-Churchill stayed by her husband's side during the illness that ended in his death. Too far from sober men. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, died on 24 January 1895, exactly 70 years to the day before Winston himself passed away. Marigold Churchill died of septicemia on August 23, 1921. The following correspondence was sent from the war front marked: “To be sent to Mrs. Churchill in the event of my death.” During His Wilderness Years Mary Somes, Winston and Clementine Churchill’s youngest daughter, compiled their letters in a 700+ page book titled Winston and Clementine: The Personal Letters of the Churchills . In the 1930s, Clementine travelled without Winston aboard Lord Moyne's yacht, the Rosaura, to exotic islands: Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas, New Caledonia, and the New Hebrides. Amongst all the Winston and Clementine Churchill children, excluding Marigold, Diana Churchill was the first to pass away, dying of an overdose which was later rumored to be intentional in 1963. https://www.thecelebritydeaths.com/winston-churchills-death-cause-and-date Winston Churchill was away in Scotland and his wife Clementine was accompanying him. She died in her London home at the age of 92. But you could make it more difficult for him to do his work; there is no question about that. Churchill said of his wife: "It would have been impossible for any ordinary man to have got through what I have had to get through in peace and war without her devoted aid.". "I greatly deplore any idea that* either special legislation or an appeal should be initiated," she said. More to the point than these hectic details, however, was the closeness of the Churchills' marriage. According to Clementine's daughter, Mary Soames, Clementine was deeply struck by Sickert and thought he was the most handsome and compelling man she had ever seen. At a time when leadership is challenged at every turn, that legacy looms larger and … https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jennie-Jerome-Churchill Winston Churchill dies Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, the British leader who guided Great Britain and the Allies through the crisis of World War II , dies in London at the age of 90. December 13, 1977 Lady Clementine Spencer-Churchill, the widow of former British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill, died yesterday after a heart attack at her apartment in London. [21], "Lady Churchill" redirects here. She earned the esteem and affection of the British people. When he died, she was conspicious in the dignity and grace with which she led the nation and the world in honoring him. Stones were graven, elegies voiced from platforms and pulpits, the muffled drums rolled, the arms were reversed, the hatchments put up, the Last Post sounded. Whatever her true paternity, Clementine is recorded as being the daughter of Lady Blanche and Sir Henry. Churchill was a Tory radical and coined the term 'Tory democracy'. Sir Winston Churchill died on January 24, 1965 at the age of 90. ", John Spencer Churchill, a nephew, once said: "At Chartwell it never ceases to amaze me how my aunt copes with running the place. Jennie Jerome. After Sir Henry found Lady Blanche with a lover in 1891, she managed to avert her husband's suit for divorce because of his own infidelities, and thereafter the couple separated. Marriage to Randolph Churchill. When he died, his wife Lady Clementine Churchill and other members of the family were at his bedside. Sarah Churchill went on to a career on the stage. THIS MONTH marks the 50th anniversary of the death of Sir Winston Churchill – Britain's greatest wartime leader. Jennie Jerome was married for the first time on 15 April 1874, aged 20, at the British Embassy in Paris, to Lord Randolph Churchill, the third son of John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough and Lady Frances Anne Vane. Death places his icy democratic hand on kings, heroes, and paupers, and in 1965 the free world and the enslaved registered with mourning or contempt the passing of Winston Churchill. She stayed in London during the "blitz" and visited neighborhoods where the German bombing had been worst. "For what can be more glorious than to be united in one's walk through life with a being incapable of an ignoble thought. Last winter, a pot of flowers was placed next to the Churchill memorial stone in Westminster Abbey. [1] However, Clementine's biographer, Joan Hardwick, has surmised (due in part to Sir Henry Hozier's reputed sterility) that all Lady Blanche's "Hozier" children were actually fathered by her sister's husband, Algernon Bertram Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale (1837–1916), better known as a grandfather of the famous Mitford sisters of the 1920s. She met Winston Churchill in 1904 and they began their marriage of 56 years in 1908. Blenheim is the home of the Dukes of Marlborough and Churchill's birthplace. Winston Churchill, the revered British Prime Minister who led his country to victory in World War II, was outed on Saturday as a cheating husband. The latter came to be a great friend of the family. You will gain far more by quietly holding to your convictions, but even this must be done with art and above all, with humor. Clementine Ogilvy Spencer Churchill, Baroness Spencer-Churchill, GBE (née Hozier; 1 April 1885 – 12 December 1977)[1] was the wife of Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and a life peer in her own right. Underwear: Sir Winston Churchill with his wife Lady Clementine Churchill at home (Image: PA). It was supposed to be a mundane morning. Of the five children, four were girls. At a time when leadership is challenged at every turn, that legacy looms larger and … He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940-1945 and again from 1951-1955. He would glance at her as she sat in the gallery of House of Commons as he spoke during important debates. It gave her life its definition: she was the wife of Winston Churchill. During this trip, many believe that she had an affair with Terence Philip, a wealthy art dealer seven years her junior. She never met Churchill again after her return to London in 1942. He said Lady Spencer-Churchill had been troubled by arthritis and failing vision in recent years, but that she had no history of heart trouble. Winston Churchill's wife: The story of Clementine Churchill ... had died aged three. Randolph Spencer-Churchill and 3. [14], As the wife of a politician who often took controversial stands, Clementine was used to being snubbed and treated rudely by the wives of other politicians. However, she could take only so much. Winston Churchill and his wife Clementine had five children: Diana, Randolph, Sarah, Marigold and Mary. A plaque on the Berkhamsted house where the young Clementine Hozier had lived during her education at Berkhamsted Girls' School was unveiled in 1979 by her youngest daughter, Baroness Soames. It was supposed to be a mundane morning. The International Churchill Society (ICS), founded in 1968 shortly after Churchill's death, is the world’s preeminent member organisation dedicated to preserving the historic legacy of Sir Winston Churchill. "It was a triumph to be constantly loving and admiring yet never to lose her own independence of judgement, even when it conflicted with his, or to be uncritical of his actions.Winston Churchill would certainly have left his mark whomever he had married, but it is questionable whether any other wife would have contributed quite so much to his success, his happiness and his popularity.". [4] In March 1908, they met again when seated side by side at a dinner party hosted by Lady St Helier, a distant relative of Clementine's. Winston Churchill's wife: The story of Clementine Churchill ... had died aged three. https://www.biography.com/political-figure/winston-churchill But there’s an island yonder, Their eldest daughter, Diana, died of an overdose of sleeping pills in 1963. He was 69. Churchill was devastated at the loss and wrote to Hugh Cecil, ‘I feel lonely now that he is not here after 67 years of … Conclusions. Winston Churchill was away in Scotland and his wife Clementine was accompanying him. Books. He himself acknowledge his debt in a famous tribute. Ancestors of Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill Generation No. [19] After her death, it was discovered that she had destroyed the Graham Sutherland portrait of her husband because Sir Winston had disliked it. In considering the grandeur of Churchill's career, it is easy to forget that money was frequently in short supply for him in relation to his tastes (a friend once remarked that the great man was "easily satisfied with the best"). She listened as he practiced his speeches. Clementine, on the other hand, died two years after her husband passed on in London; precisely on the 12th of December 1977 at the age of 92. Churchill's wife Clementine, who had an affair in 1934, only learnt of her husband's infidelity in the early 1960s. She was 23 and he was 10 years older and already a luminary on the political scene. 2 2. Their courtship was brief and they were married in the same year at St. Margaret's Church, Westminister, London. It was 1909 and Winston Churchill, a British member of parliament, had just arrived in Bristol with his new wife, Clementine. He inspired a generation of party managers, created the National Union of the Conservative Party, and broke new ground in modern budgetary presentations, attracting admiration and criticism from across the political spectrum. [12], During the First World War, Clementine Churchill organised canteens for munitions workers on behalf of YMCA in the North East Metropolitan Area of London, for which she was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1918.[13]. Mary was married to Sir Christopher Soames. She had acted in his stead on numerous occasions during his life - campaigning for him, receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in his behalf in 1953, travelling to the Soviet Union in the closing days of World War II. Churchill often called his wife "my darling Clemmie." Three British sovereigns honored her for her own work. For Chartwell, and indeed any other house my uncle occupies, it is not only a kind of military headquarters, but a large factory filled with high-powered executives. By Aaron Brown PUBLISHED: 14:20, Fri, Jan 30, 2015 On the sundial's base, she had inscribed: HERE LIES THE BALI DOVE She would play cards with him into the early morning hours. In the years following, she made few public appearances. Lady Blanche maintained that Clementine's biological father was Capt. In an introduction to "My Darling Clementine," a popular biography of Lady Spencer-Churchill published by Jack Fishman in 1963. Lady Spencer-Churchill died at her London home, at 7 Princes Gate, Knightsbridge, of a heart attack on 12 December 1977. Winston Churchill and his wife Clementine had five children: Diana, Randolph, Sarah, Marigold and Mary. The couple had met at a sailing regatta on the Isle of Wight in August 1873, having been introduced by the Prince of Wales, the future King Edward VII. WWII Prime Minister of England. Clementine Ogilvy Spencer Churchill, Baroness Spencer-Churchill, GBE (née Hozier; 1 April 1885 – 12 December 1977) was the wife of Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and a life peerin her own right. Churchill expected an Allied death toll of 20,000 on D-Day but he was proven to be pessimistic because less than 8,000 died in the whole of June. Castlerosse died at the Dorchester hotel from an overdose of sleeping tablets shortly after her return to London. Clementine Ogilvy Hozier was born April 1, 1885, the daughter of Sir Henry Hozier, a cavalry colonel, and Lady Blanche Ogilvy Hozier, daughter of the Seventh Earl of Airlie. Following Sir Winston's death, on 17 May 1965 she was created a life peer as Baroness Spencer-Churchill, of Chartwell in the County of Kent. Blenheim Palace, birthplace of the greatest Briton, Winston Churchill Actually, less than we could imagine. Keep supporting great journalism by turning off your ad blocker. William George "Bay" Middleton, a noted horseman; Mary Soames, Clementine's youngest child, believed this. Clementine waited for her host to offer a conciliatory word but, when none came, she stormed back to her cabin, wrote a note to Moyne, and packed her bags. Lord Randolph Henry Spencer-Churchill (13 February 1849 – 24 January 1895) was a British statesman. Of the five children, four were girls. So said Lady Clementine Ogilvy Hozier Spencer-Churchill, descendent of the Earls of Airlie in the Scottish peerage. Given the available evidence and much research, it seems highly unlikely that Lord Randolph Churchill died from advanced syphilis. [6] After five months of meeting each other at social events, as well as frequent correspondence, Winston proposed to Clementine during a house party at Blenheim Palace on 11 August 1908, in a small summer house known as the Temple of Diana. In her later years, she sold several of her husband’s portraits to help support herself financially. [3], Clementine first met Winston in 1904 at a ball in Crewe House, home of the Earl and Countess of Crewe. When the conflict ended in 1945. The Churchills' marriage was close and affectionate despite the stresses of public life. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, DL, FRS, RA (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British statesman, army officer, and writer. 57 Came in first place in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. To see that this factory runs smoothy with meals at odd hours for visiting experts and relays of secretaries working through the night calls for tremendously detailed organization.". It was during these years that Churchill began to attack the policies of appeasing Hitler and Mussolini that were being advocated by Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. [11][9] They had five children: Diana (1909–1963); Randolph (1911–1968); Sarah (1914–1982); Marigold (1918–1921); and Mary (1922–2014). Winston Churchill and his wife, Clementine, on board a naval auxiliary patrol vessel during a visit to the London docks on 25 September 1940 . The International Churchill Society (ICS), founded in 1968 shortly after Churchill's death, is the world’s preeminent member organisation dedicated to preserving the historic legacy of Sir Winston Churchill. In 1915, after he had been forced to step down as First Lord of the Admiralty in the wake of the failure of the British offensive against the Turks at Gallipoll, and was commanding a battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers on the Western Front, she wrote, "Patience is the only grace you need. Earlier this year, when it bacame known that Lady Spencer-Churchill was selling some of the pictures her husband had painted to help meet her expenses, a move was started to provide her with an allowance to cover her needs. Sir Winston died in 1965. King George VI elevated her to the rank of Dame of that Order for her services in World War II, dame being the equivalent of a knight. Churchill described his bride as "the reigning Beauty, tall and stately, with delicate features and lovely gray eyes.". This group consisted of military men, writers and painters, such as Aubrey Beardsley and Walter Sickert. In her final few years, inflation and rising expenses left Lady Spencer-Churchill in financial difficulties and in early 1977 she sold at auction five paintings by her late husband. She brought back from this trip a Bali dove. Only Mary, the youngest, shared their parents' longevity with the others all dying before reaching the age of 70: Marigold died at the age of two, and the other three (Diana, Sarah, and Randolph) all died in their 50s and 60s. She worked for the Red Cross and for Russian relief. The purpose was to raise 1 million pounds in the form of one-pound donations from 1 million people and to assist needy students. She and Churchill himself the grandson of a Duke of Marlborough, met in 1908. Winston Churchill. Blanche Hozier sent Clementine and her sister Nellie to Scotland so she could devote her time completely to Kitty. But without his wife, Clementine, Churchill might never have become prime minister. Marigold Churchill died of septicemia on August 23, 1921. Prior to her death, Marigold was under the care of her French governess in the town of Broadstairs on the southeastern coast of England. While legally the daughter of Sir Henry Hozier, her mother’s known infidelity and his suspected infertility make her paternal parentage uncertain. Lady Broughton came and begged Clementine to stay, but she would accept no apologies for the insult to her husband. Winston Spencer Churchill, a former member of Parliament and grandson of Britain's wartime leader, died Tuesday, an associate said. If Manchester gets things right, however, the role that Churchill most cherished at this point in his life was that of husband and father. Lady Spencer-Churchill's grandson, Winston Churchill, a Conservative member of Parliament, said his grandmother had been stricken while lunching with her private secretary Nonie Chapman. Most of all, he described her as woman of sympathy - sympathy not only for her husband's legendary folbles and eccentricities, for which she provided a background of calm and stability, but sympathy for all those in need, of whatever station in life. Randolph proposed to her on the very evening they met, and they were married on 4 October 1939. He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945, during the Second World War, and again from 1951 to 1955.Apart from two years between 1922 and 1924, Churchill was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1900 to 1964 and … [15], During the Second World War, she was chairperson of the Red Cross Aid to Russia Fund, the president of the Young Women's Christian Association War Time Appeal and the chairwoman of Maternity Hospital for the Wives of Officers, Fulmer Chase. They had five children. While Churchill was lauded as a war hero and given a state funeral upon his death in 1965, the 55,573 lost members of Bomber Command did not receive a memorial until 2012. She stayed at the Dorchester Hotel for two months before being found dead after an overdose of sleeping tablets. [2] The Hoziers' happy life in France ended when Kitty, the eldest daughter, was struck with typhoid fever. ", For most of the 57 years they were together until Churchill's death in 1965, she practiced her "art" in the relative privacy of her family and a small circle of friends. Season three of The Crown sees the Queen and the nation say goodbye to Winston Churchill, who makes one final appearance on screen before his death in 1965. They had five children together, one of whom (named Marigold) died at the age of two from sepsis. Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt, who had special knowledge in such matters, would have agreed with this assessment. "It does not worry me to be in the background," she once said. She would not hear of it. ... Two years before he died … Birthplace: Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, England Location of death: London, England . Generation No. Clementine Ogilvy Spencer-Churchill was born in 1885 in Mayfair, London and was married to legendary British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill from 1908 until his death in 1965. AKA Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill. He was the son of 2. ", And, on another occasion in the same period, she wrote: "Try not to brood too much. She went ashore and sailed for home the next morning. Hard and fast conclusions, as noted, are elusive. I think of it again. Although legally the daughter of Sir Henry Hozier and Lady Blanche Hozier (a daughter of David Ogilvy, 10th Earl of Airlie), her paternity is a subject of much debate, as Lady Blanche was well known for infidelity. During World War I, Clementine organised canteens for munitions workers and during World War II, she acted as Chairperson of the Red Cross Aid to Russia Fund, President of the Young Women’s Christian Association War Time Appeal and Chairman of Maternity Hospital for the Wives of Officers, Fulmer Chase. Died: January 24, 1965 Oxfordshire, England English prime minister, statesman, and author The English statesman and author Sir Winston Churchill led Britain during World War II (1939–45) and is often described as the "savior of his country." Lady Clementine Spencer-Churchill, the widow of former British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill, died yesterday after a heart attack at her apartment in London. https://www.amazon.com/Winston-Churchill-Life-Richard-Toye/dp/0198803982 Clementine was educated first at home, then briefly at the Edinburgh school run by Karl Fröbel, the nephew of the German educationist, Friedrich Fröbel, and his wife Johanna[2] and later at Berkhamsted School for Girls (now Berkhamsted School) and at the Sorbonne in Paris. Marigold died of pneumonia when she was 2 years old. In 1939, while working at the Foreign Office in London doing French-to-English translations, Pamela met Randolph Churchill, the son of Winston Churchill, and a womaniser and alcoholic, desperate for a wife, having already proposed to eight women in the space of two weeks. Winston Churchill, the revered British Prime Minister who led his country to victory in World War II, was outed on Saturday as a cheating husband. The Churchill family patriarch, Winston Churchill, lived for a long time but passed on January 24, 1965, at the age of 90 after suffering from a stroke. However, no conclusive evidence of this has been produced: indeed, Philip was believed by many to have been homosexual. Military service: British Army Father: Lord Randolph Churchill (politician, b. Part of the price for Lady SPencer-Churchill was making do on limited means. She flashed her wit: "I have made up my mind to ignore all this completely," she remarked to a friend. He said private services would be held and that she would be buried next to her husband in the churchyard at Bladon, the village in Buckinghamshire where Blenheim Palace is located. While Churchill was lauded as a war hero and given a state funeral upon his death in 1965, the 55,573 lost members of Bomber Command did not receive a memorial until 2012. Sir Winston Churchill died 50 years ago, on 24 January 1965. There the family spent an idyllic summer, bathing, canoeing, picnicking, and blackberrying. Churchill’s oldest friend and companion, his younger brother Jack, died in February 1947, six years after the death of ‘Goonie’ (Gwendoline, Jack’s wife), in 1941. Blenheim Palace, birthplace of the greatest Briton, Winston Churchill Actually, less than we could imagine. In fact, his symptoms were not severe enough to call in Dr. Thomas Buzzard until 1893, two years before his death. John Colville, one of Churchill's private secretaries, described her as a woman of temperament and generosity, of strong character and common sense. Throughout her life she was granted many titles, the final being a life peerage following the death of her husband in 1965. Mrs Roosevelt wrote: "It would of course be very hard to ruin a man of the stature of Winston Churchill, very hard. "My marriage was much the most fortunate and joyous event which happened to me in the whole of my life," he wrote. ", Mrs. Roosevelt added. The marriage of her parents was unsuccessful and she was brought up by her mother in England and was competent in several other foreign languages. Title (US Title) (Year of publication) The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898) In 1965, Queen Elizabeth II created her Baroness Spencer-Churchill-ill of Chartwell, Chartwell being the country home the Churchills occupied 20 miles south of London for many years. His widow, Lady Spencer‐Churchill, 87 years of age, recently recovered from a hip fracture she suffered last November in … I would be so unhappy if your naturally open and unsuspicious nature became embittered. Winston Churchill dies Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, the British leader who guided Great Britain and the Allies through the crisis of World War II , dies in London at the age of 90. [2] While in Dieppe, the family became well acquainted with ‘La Colonie’, or the other English inhabitants living by the sea. Vera, Lady Broughton, a guest of Moyne, said "hear, hear" at the criticism of Churchill. Clementine harboured a life-long, latent hostility to the Conservative party – even when her husband … Extraordinary and Super Quartermaster to the greatest of Captains General. The Clementine Churchill Hospital in Harrow, Middlesex, is named after her. Her role is that of an A.D.C. In 1946, she was appointed a dame grand cross of the Order of the British Empire,[17] becoming Dame Clementine Churchill GBE. By his own admission, the Second World War would have been "impossible without her". "It was a challenge to be married to the greatest man of the century," Colville wrote a year after Churchill's death. Desktop notifications are on   | Turn off, Get breaking news alerts from The Washington Post. Churchill was tipped by many as a future prime minister but in the 1930s, his career went into decline. After more than 56 years of marriage, Clementine was widowed on 24 January 1965 when Winston died at the age of 90. [18] She sat as a cross-bencher, but her growing deafness precluded her taking a regular part in parliamentary life. It was not until her husband became Prime Minister in World War II and led his nationa through its "finest hour," that she became widely known in her own right. The Queen sent private condolences to the family yesterday on Lady SPencer-Churchill's death. Here are six lesser-known facts… She is buried with her husband and children (with the exception of Marigold who is interred in Kensal Green Cemetery in London) at St Martin's Church, Bladon, near Woodstock in Oxfordshire. Colville, the former private secretary, recalled that "she sufferd acutely from (Churchill's) unpredictable habits, as when he would invite numbers of political friends to dine at a moment's notice, oblivious of the shortage of food, money and servants. It was 1909 and Winston Churchill, a British member of parliament, had just arrived in Bristol with his new wife, Clementine. On her 89th birthday in 1974, she attended the launching of a fund-raising drive for the Churchill Memorial Trust. They had five children together, one of whom (named Marigol… Diana was the oldest of the Churchill children, born in 1909, followed by Randolph, born 2 years later. She was awarded honorary degrees by the University of Glasgow, University of Oxford and University of Bristol. https://www.biography.com/political-figure/winston-churchill She married a man who many came to regard as the greatest of his times, and theirs was a celebrated marriage. He remained a power in politics until the early 1930s, when he broke with the leadership of the Conservative Party, of which he then was a member, and began a self-exile from the seats of power. Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, born 30 Nov 1874 in Blenheim Palace, Oxford, England; died 24 Jan 1965 in London, England. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, died on 24 January 1895, exactly 70 years to the day before Winston himself passed away. [7][8], On 12 September 1908, Winston and Clementine were married in St. Margaret's, Westminster, they honeymooned in Baveno, Venice, and Veveří Castle in Moravia;[9][10] before settling into a London home at 33 Eccleston Square. For other uses, see, Wife of Sir Winston Churchill and a life peeress in her own right, Clementine Churchill, Baroness Spencer-Churchill, Algernon Bertram Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale, Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Maternity Hospital for the Wives of Officers, Fulmer Chase, "International Datelines – Two More Churchill Datelines", "Archival material relating to Clementine Churchill", Portraits of Clementine Ogilvy Spencer-Churchill, Baroness Spencer-Churchill, Winston & Clementine Churchill - UK Parliament Living Heritage, Spouse of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Spouses of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Never was so much owed by so many to so few, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clementine_Churchill&oldid=997460905, Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire, Spouses of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 31 December 2020, at 16:39. 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